Tag: software design

Fifty Solitaires – Piling it Up

So here is the third instalment of my Solitaire card game. In the previous post, I created the basic Card component and set up Storybook to let me browse and test my components while developing them. Today, I will create another component that displays a collection of cards. In a Solitaire game, cards are arranged on the table in piles. The cards in the piles can be face-up or face-down. In addition, piles can be closed or open. In closed piles, each card is placed exactly on top of the previous one. In open piles, each card is placed slightly offset from the one beneath. For face-up cards, this allows the player to see the suit and value of each card in the pile. For face-down cards, it lets the player see easily how many cards are in the pile.

Face-down cards

The Card component that I created in the previous post did not allow for face-down cards. So, let’s first add the face-down feature to the existing component. The first step is to create a face-down card symbol in the SVG file that contains all the other cards. In src/assets/playing_cards.svg, I added the following symbol before the closing </svg> tag.

  <symbol id="face-down" viewBox="30 2310 360 540">
  <g
     transform="translate(30,1797.6378)"
     id="face-down">
    <rect
       rx="29.944447"
       ry="29.944447"
       y="512.86218"
       x="0.5"
       height="539"
       width="359"
       id="rect6472-45"
       style="fill:#ffffff;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.99999976" />
    <rect
       rx="19.944447"
       ry="19.944447"
       y="532.86218"
       x="20.5"
       height="499"
       width="319"
       id="rect6472-45"
       style="fill:none; stroke:#000088; stroke-width:5" />
    <rect
       rx="9.944447"
       ry="9.944447"
       y="552.86218"
       x="40.5"
       height="459"
       width="279"
       id="rect6472-45"
       style="fill:none; stroke:#000088; stroke-width:5" />
  </g>
  </symbol>

I tried to set the parameters of the ViewBox and the transform attributes in line with all the other symbols in the file. The face-down symbol simply consists of a white background with two rounded rectangles inside. It is probably not the most beautiful reverse side of a playing card but, given that I coded the SVG by hand, it will have to do for now.

Next, I amended the Card component in src/components/Card.tsx to allow a faceUp property to be passed in. If faceUp is true the card will be displayed as usual, and if it is false the face-down symbol will be shown. I also changed the CardProperties type to allow additional properties to be passed in.

export interface CardData {
  suit: CardSuit;
  value: CardValue;
  faceUp: boolean;
}

export interface CardProperties extends React.SVGProps<SVGSVGElement>, CardData {}

export function Card({suit, value, faceUp, ...props}: CardProperties) {
  const cardId = faceUp
    ? `${playingCards}#${value.toLowerCase()}-${suit.toLowerCase()}`
    : `${playingCards}#face-down`;
  const classNames = `${props.className} card-component`;
  return <svg {...props} className={classNames} >
    <use xlinkHref={cardId}></use>
  </svg>
}

To be able to test the new feature in Storybook, I added a faceUp: true property to the existing stories in src/stories/Card.stories.tsx. This automatically adds a switch in the Storybook stories that toggle the face-down/face-up status.

Creating the Pile

Next, I created a new component in src/components/Pile.tsx. This file contains a few bits, so I will go through it piece by piece. At the top of the file, I do some imports and type definitions.

import { Card, CardData } from "./Card";
import './Pile.css'

export interface CardDisplayProperties extends CardData {
    open: boolean;
}

export type PileData = Array<CardDisplayProperties>;

export enum Direction {
    east = 'east',
    west = 'west',
    north = 'north',
    south = 'south'
}

export interface PileProperties {
    pile: PileData;
    direction: Direction;
}

First, I imported the Card component as well as a CSS stylesheet that I yet have to create. The CardDisplayProperties interface contains all the data needed to show a card on the pile. In addition to the CardData, it contains an open flag to control if the position of the card is offset from the card below it. The PileData type is then simply an array of CardDisplayProperties. I also wanted to allow the direction of the offset to be controlled. I remember that some Solitaire variants have piles that fan out to the left or right. I just want to be prepared for this. So, I created a Direction enum that contains the four directions of the compass. Finally, the PileProperties interface is made up of the pile data and a direction.

To position the cards, the idea is to use a <div> and use absolute positioning and then place the individual cards. Each card will have a different offset from the top or left, depending on how many open and closed cards have already been placed below it. Before I continue with the code in Pile.jsx, let me first show you the CSS style in src/components/Pile.css

.card-pile {
    position: relative;
    overflow:  visible;
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
}

.card-pile .card {
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
}

The .card-pile class will be used for the Pile component and the .card is the CSS class of the Card component within a pile. The overflow: visible is needed so that cards can freely be placed outside the original bounding box of the pile which should just be the size of the bottom card in the pile. You can see that the top and left properties of the cards default to zero but they can be overwritten by inline styles.

Next, in src/components/Pile.tsx I defined a helper object called margins.

const margins: {[key: string]: [string, number, number]} = {
    east: [ 'left', 15, 2],
    west: [ 'left', -15, -2],
    north: [ 'top', -15, -2],
    south: [ 'top', 15, 2],
}

The object is meant to serve as a look-up from the Direction enum to an array of parameters. The first entry in the array determines the CSS property that needs to be modified, the second entry is the percentage offset for open cards, and the third entry is the percentage offset for closed cards.

Now, I am ready to create the Pile component.

export function Pile({pile, direction}: PileProperties) {
    const marginSpec = margins[direction]; 
    return <div className={`card-pile card-pile-${direction}`}>
        {pile.map(function cardMapper(this: {offset: number}, card, index) {
            const cardStyle = {
                [marginSpec[0]]: `${this.offset}%`
            }
            this.offset += card.open ? marginSpec[1] : marginSpec[2];
            return <Card 
                className={`card ${card.open ? 'open' : ''}`}
                suit={card.suit} 
                value={card.value} 
                faceUp={card.faceUp}
                key={index}
                style={cardStyle} />
        }, {offset: 0})}
    </div>
}

The first line chooses the margin specifications from the margins dictionary based on the pile direction. Then inside the outer <div> the pile array is mapped to an array of Card components. I am using a less well-known feature of the Array.map function by passing {offset: 0} as a second argument after the mapper function. This argument will be attached to this inside the mapper callback. To make this work, I have to make sure that two conditions are met. First, I have to use the function keyword for the callback. This ensures that the callback has a this reference. Second, for Typescript to know the type of this, the callback function takes this as a first argument. This is compiled away in the transformation from Typescript to JavaScript and is only there to make the Typescript type system aware that this.offset exists. The offset property itself is incremented depending on the card.open flag and the margin specification.

The Story for the Pile

Now that we have completed the Pile component, we want to make it show up in Storybook as well. What follows is a slightly lengthy file that contains three stories and is stored in src/stories/Pile.stories.tsx.

import { Pile, PileProperties } from '../components/Pile';
import { CardSuit, CardValue } from '../components/Card';

export default {
  component: Pile,
  title: 'Components/Pile',
};

interface StoryPileProperties extends PileProperties {
  style: { [key: string]: string}
}

function Template(args: StoryPileProperties) {
  return <div style={({
      display: 'flex',
      justifyContent: "center",
      width: "100%",
    })}>
      <div style={args.style}><Pile {...args} /></div>
    </div>
};

export const Open = Template.bind({});

(Open as any).args = {
  pile: [
    { suit: CardSuit.clubs, value: CardValue.ace, faceUp: true, open: true },
    { suit: CardSuit.clubs, value: CardValue.three, faceUp: true, open: true },
    { suit: CardSuit.diamonds, value: CardValue.eight, faceUp: true, open: true },
], 
  direction: 'south',
  style: {
    width: 200,
    height: 290,
    backgroundColor: '#444444',
    padding: 10
  }
};

export const Closed = Template.bind({});

(Closed as any).args = {
  pile: [
    { suit: CardSuit.clubs, value: CardValue.ace, faceUp: true, open: false },
    { suit: CardSuit.clubs, value: CardValue.three, faceUp: true, open: false },
    { suit: CardSuit.diamonds, value: CardValue.eight, faceUp: true, open: false },
], 
  direction: 'south',
  style: {
    width: 200,
    height: 290,
    backgroundColor: '#444444',
    padding: 10
  }
};

export const Mixed = Template.bind({});

(Mixed as any).args = {
  pile: [
    { suit: CardSuit.clubs, value: CardValue.ace, faceUp: true, open: false },
    { suit: CardSuit.clubs, value: CardValue.three, faceUp: true, open: false },
    { suit: CardSuit.diamonds, value: CardValue.eight, faceUp: true, open: false },
    { suit: CardSuit.hearts, value: CardValue.jack, faceUp: true, open: true },
    { suit: CardSuit.spades, value: CardValue.four, faceUp: true, open: true },
    { suit: CardSuit.hearts, value: CardValue.seven, faceUp: true, open: true },
], 
  direction: 'south',
  style: {
    width: 200,
    height: 290,
    backgroundColor: '#444444',
    padding: 10
  }
};

export const FaceUpAndDown = Template.bind({});

(FaceUpAndDown as any).args = {
  pile: [
    { suit: CardSuit.clubs, value: CardValue.ace, faceUp: false, open: true },
    { suit: CardSuit.clubs, value: CardValue.three, faceUp: false, open: true },
    { suit: CardSuit.spades, value: CardValue.four, faceUp: true, open: true },
    { suit: CardSuit.hearts, value: CardValue.seven, faceUp: true, open: true },
], 
  direction: 'south',
  style: {
    width: 200,
    height: 290,
    backgroundColor: '#444444',
    padding: 10,
  }
};

There is nothing too fancy about this file. It defines a reusable Template to show the Pile component in some context. Then, each story is defined by the open and closed, and the face-up and face-down cards. I have created three stories showing different use cases. Now I can run

npm run storybook

The image below shows an example of a pile feathered out to the east direction.

A pile of cards inside the Storybook application with controls to change its appearance

One of the stories for the Pile component in Storybook

Next Steps

Now that I have a Card component and a Pile component, I will need another component that arranges different piles on the table. This will most likely be the topic of my next post on the JavaScript Solitaire game. After that, I need to look into implementing a drag-and-drop mechanism so that the player can pick up cards from one pile and place them on another pile. When that’s done, I can start creating the game model that implements the rules of the Solitaire games.

Read More

Fifty Solitaires – It’s in the Cards

This is the second instalment of my series in which I am developing a JavaScript solitaire game that allows the player to choose between many different rules of Solitaire. As I explained in my previous post, the motivation for this project came from an old bet that I made with a friend of mine. The goal was to develop a program that is able to play 50 types of solitaire games. In the last post, I discussed my plans for the application architecture and set up the React environment. Since then I have been made aware of the Storybook library that allows you to browse and test your react components during development. So I decided to make use of Storybook for this project. If you want to follow along you can find the code at Github.

In this post, I will set up Storybook and create the basic component to display a plain card. To initialise Storybook for my game, I opened up my terminal in the project folder and ran on the following command.

npx sb init 

This installs all the tooling required for Storybook. It also creates some example files in the stories subfolder. I don’t need these examples and I also don’t like the way Storybook creates components in the same folder as the story definitions. So the first thing I did was to delete all the files in the src/stories/ folder.

My aim is to create playing cards and I was entertaining the thought of creating the appearance of the cards purely using Unicode characters and CSS. But then I came across a much more elegant solution. I found this SVG file on Wikimedia that is distributed under CC0 restrictions and therefore can be freely used for any purpose. The file contains images for all standard playing cards in an English deck. Looking at the source code of the SVG I discovered that each card was neatly organised as a single SVG group. This would allow me to manually add symbol tags around the group and make them directly available in react. I saved the file under src/assets/playing_cards.svg.

I like to put all my components in one place so in a new src\components subfolder I created the file Card.tsx. This is what the code for the component looks like.

import React from 'react';
import playingCards from '../assets/playing_cards.svg';
import './Card.css';

export enum CardSuit {
  clubs = 'Clubs',
  spades = 'Spades',
  diamonds = 'Diamonds',
  hearts = 'Hearts'
}

export enum CardValue {
  ace='Ace',
  two='Two',
  three='Three',
  four='Four',
  five='Five',
  six='Six',
  seven='Seven',
  eight='Eight',
  nine='Nine',
  ten='Ten',
  jack='Jack',
  queen='Queen',
  king='King'
}

export interface CardProperties {
  suit: CardSuit;
  value: CardValue;
}

export function Card({suit, value}: CardProperties) {
  return <svg className="card-component">
    <use xlinkHref={`${playingCards}#${value.toLowerCase()}-${suit.toLowerCase()}`}></use>
  </svg>
}

You will notice that I have defined two enums, one for the suit and the other for the value of the card. The enums are strings to allow easy access to the symbols in the SVG file. I am not quite sure yet if I will be using these enums in other parts of the code. In that case, I should move them into a different module. But I will cross that bridge when I get there.

The Card component itself is relatively simple. It takes the suit and the card value as parameters and simply wraps an SVG element that links to a symbol in our playing_cards.svg file. The symbol name is constructed from the parameters passed into the component.

The next step was to create a simple story for the card component that allowed me to view it in Storybook. I created a file src/stories/Card.stories.tsx with the following content.

import React from 'react';
import { Card, CardProperties, CardSuit, CardValue } from '../components/Card';

export default {
  component: Card,
  title: 'Components/Card',
};

interface StoryCardProperties extends CardProperties {
  style: { [key: string]: string}
}

function Template(args: StoryCardProperties) {
  return <div style={args.style}><Card {...args} /></div>
};

export const Large = Template.bind({});

(Large as any).args = {
  suit: CardSuit.spades, 
  value: CardValue.ace,
  style: {
    width: 380,
    height: 560,
    backgroundColor: '#008800',
    padding: 10
  }
};

export const Small = Template.bind({});

(Small as any).args = {
  suit: CardSuit.spades, 
  value: CardValue.ace,
  style: {
    width: 200,
    height: 290,
    backgroundColor: '#008800',
    padding: 10
  }
};

If you look closely, you will notice that the story is showing the card inside a div with a coloured background. I did this because the Card component doesn’t have an intrinsic size other than the SVG size. The container is needed to show that the card will adjust to different size layouts. I personally find it a bit annoying that I have to cast the stories Large and Small to any to be able to assign the args property. Maybe I’m doing something wrong here, or maybe the Storybook developers haven’t given enough attention to the TypeScript bindings. To start Storybook, I ran the command

npm run storybook 

The image below shows how the Card component looks inside Storybook.

The picture shows the way the card will look once I’m done. But I still have to edit playing_cards.svg so that the individual card symbols are defined correctly. Fortunately, I can edit the SVG and watch the effect of my changes directly in the browser through Storybook. I am not going to paste my edits here. This image shows an example of me editing the code.

The most important aspect of the edits is to get the viewBox right for each of the cards. You can also see the IDs of the symbols that need to match the card’s suit and value enums.

Conclusion

By creating a simple Card component, I have taken one big step in creating my solitaire game. Cards will be stacked to make the piles and I will have to create a way that the user can interact with the cards and the piles when playing the game. Right now the card is a passive component without any user interaction. My plan is to place all the code for the interactivity into a Pile component that will act as a container for one or more cards. But this will be the topic for my next post on this solitaire game.

Read More

Fifty Solitaires – A Beginning

Many years ago, when I was a physics student and I was just getting to know the ins and outs of programming, I made a bet with a friend of mine. At the time my mother was into solitaire card games, the ones with real cards you play on the kitchen table. This was before everyone had a computer with a built-in little solitaire game. She was given a book with the rules of 50 different games. The bet I made with my friend was this. During the summer holidays, I would be able to write a solitaire game for the computer. The game would not just allow the player to play one type of card game. No, the game should contain all 50 different rules. The stake of the bet was a crate of beer.

So when the holidays started, I set about writing the game. The programming language at the time was Turbo Pascal and the user interface was character-based with special symbols used to create the graphical appearance of the cards. Turbo Pascal was object-oriented, allowed to react to mouse interactions and, as far as I recall, provided an event-based API for implementing the user interface. At the end of the summer holidays, I had a working solitaire game and I enjoyed my well-earned crate of beer with my friends. I had also gained lots of experience in application development and object-oriented programming. Unfortunately, the game does not exist anymore. It was stored on old 5.25-inch floppy disks which after some years became unreadable.

Game design

Today, I want to recreate the game and make it available for anyone to play. Of course, I won’t be using Turbo Pascal and character-based GUIs. I am going for a JavaScript-based game that will be using React for the user interface. For most of my life, I have been programming in strongly typed languages, so I am going to use TypeScript which adds typing to JavaScript applications and makes everything a bit more predictable.

In recent times, the functional programming style has become popular in the JavaScript community, especially when React is being used. I want to try and follow this style for the front-end. I was thinking about using Redux to manage the state of the application. Redux imposes its own functional programming model which is based on reducers. I think Redux is great for many types of web applications.

On the other hand, I still believe that an object-oriented approach is ideal to capture the logic of something like a solitaire game. Let’s think about the way you would implement the game rules. In solitaire, you play different stacks of cards on the table. Each stack might have different attributes that describe its appearance. For instance, a stack may contain cards facing up or facing down. The stack might be spread to reveal some or all of the cards. Then there are the game rules. A stack might allow dropping a card onto it if it meets certain criteria. Or you may be able to pick up a card. Or maybe you can turn over cards that end up in a separate stack.

These rules are independent of appearance and should not be implemented in the front-end. Rather there should be some model that controls the game logic. To me, it feels natural that the model of a card stack should somehow have the rules available at its fingertips. What better way to do this than by creating classes that represent the rules and then implementing the specific rule variants using inheritance.

Creating the Game Skeleton

So, there you go. The game will be written in TypeScript using React, but no other framework will be used. I will be managing the application state directly in the object model that implements the game rules. And I will make that model flexible enough so that I can implement all game variations, simply by plugging different objects together. In the end, I want to be able to read JSON files that specify the rules and construct a game without having to write any additional code.

For today, I will only create the GitHub repo and initialise the skeleton React application. First, I created an empty repository at https://github.com/holgerschmitz/fifty-solitaires

Then, in the folder on my computer where I keep all my source code, I open the terminal and run

npx create-react-app fifty-solitaires --template typescript --use-npm

The command create-react-app is a useful tool for starting a new React project. Apart from setting up the toolchain for the application, it also sets up a local git repository. I still need to tell git, where the upstream of the project lives. To do this, I navigate into the new project folder and run the following two commands.

git remote add origin git@github.com:holgerschmitz/fifty-solitaires.git
git push -u origin master

I will also be using SCSS for styling. This makes it possible to keep colour definitions and other useful mixins in one place. The command for including SCSS in this project is

npm install node-sass --save

This is it for now. You can look at the repository on GitHub. I invite you to think about the next steps and how you would approach implementing the game.

Read More